The Hubble Deep Field North (HDF-N)-- For being the faintest universe in visible light, it has the the deepest, sharpest, and most multi-colored images. The images were made by pointing the HUBBLE telescope at a empty point in the northern sky close to the big dipper for a period of tens days during DECEMBER in 1995. At this time, they discovered about 1 thousand never-before-seen galaxies that are visible in this view of the universe.
The Hubble Deep Field South (HDF-S)-- It is complements the original Hubble Deep Field (HDF-N) taken in late 1995. The constellation Tucana can only be viewed from the southern hemisphere. This was a 10 day long observation in October 1998. These observations doubled the number of far-flung galaxies available to astronomers for figuring out the history of the universe.
Bias Decisions -- Samples that are chosen by humans, are always susceptible to bias. Unconsciously, we base our choices on a trait or quality of the sample member. Selection of samples that is made by computers are considered to be unbiased. In database sampling, each of the galaxies are assigned a number. The computer collects a sample of galaxies by randomly choosing numbers.Computer-generated sample comes closest to the astronomers’ actual result. A computer is the best tool for avoiding inevitable human bias.
How many galaxies are enough? -- Usually we can not sample a whole population at one time. So instead we look for the smallest reasonable sample. The secret behind what is "reasonable" lies in the variability of samples. You can not expect to receive the exact same results if five different samples of the same sample size were taken.
STATS--
RANGE is the simplest measure of dispersion. It is the interval between the highest-valued (largest) piece of data and the lowest-valued (smallest) one, expressed as the difference between them.
MIN/MAX PLOT is A visual representation of the range. It shows the dispersion of the data by using a line to connect the lowest-valued (smallest) piece of data to the highest-valued (largest).
MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY is Numerical values that are located, in some sense, in the middle of a sample or population. These include the mean, median, and mode.
Monday, March 8, 2010
Friday, February 19, 2010
Neutrinos
a) what are neutrinos?
Neutrinos are similar to an electron, with one difference: neutrinos do not carry electric charge. Because neutrinos are electrically neutral, they are not affected by the electromagnetic forces that act on electrons. But the neutrinos are affected only by a "weak" sub-atomic force that is shorter range than electromagnetism, and because of that they are able to pass through long distances in matter without being affected by it.
b) why are they so important to understanding the sun?
They are important because the sun is a nuclear fusion reactor, which is powered by a proton-proton chain. This converts four hydrogen nuclei (protons) into helium, neutrinos and energy. The left over energy is released as gamma rays ands as kinetic energy of the particles, also which includes neutrinos. Neutrinos ravel from the suns core to earth without any absorption by the sun's outer layer.
c) Would YOU be able to persist for as long as Bahcall and Davis did when people doubted your experiment? No, because I would probably start doubting myself after 3 decades!
d) what is the importance of neutrinos having mass
Neutrinos that have mass can change from the type that had been expected to be produced in the Sun's interior. They change into two types that would not be caught by the detectors in use at the time. As neutrino detectors become sensitive measure the flow of neutrinos from the Sun, it was obvious that the number detected was lower than that predicted by models of the solar interior. In various experiments, the number of detected neutrinos was between one third and one half of the predicted number. This came to be known as the solar neutrino problem.
e) where are neutrinos being researched around the world?
They are being researched in South Dakota. Homestake Neutrino Detector 1.5 km underground. They are underground to protect them from the other unwanted cosmic ray particles. They are also being researched in Canada - Sudbury Neutrino Observatory which is 2 km underground. The tank is 12 meters in diameter and contains 1,000 tons of heavy water. Another location is in Japan - Kamiokande Neutrino Detector.
Neutrinos are similar to an electron, with one difference: neutrinos do not carry electric charge. Because neutrinos are electrically neutral, they are not affected by the electromagnetic forces that act on electrons. But the neutrinos are affected only by a "weak" sub-atomic force that is shorter range than electromagnetism, and because of that they are able to pass through long distances in matter without being affected by it.
b) why are they so important to understanding the sun?
They are important because the sun is a nuclear fusion reactor, which is powered by a proton-proton chain. This converts four hydrogen nuclei (protons) into helium, neutrinos and energy. The left over energy is released as gamma rays ands as kinetic energy of the particles, also which includes neutrinos. Neutrinos ravel from the suns core to earth without any absorption by the sun's outer layer.
c) Would YOU be able to persist for as long as Bahcall and Davis did when people doubted your experiment? No, because I would probably start doubting myself after 3 decades!
d) what is the importance of neutrinos having mass
Neutrinos that have mass can change from the type that had been expected to be produced in the Sun's interior. They change into two types that would not be caught by the detectors in use at the time. As neutrino detectors become sensitive measure the flow of neutrinos from the Sun, it was obvious that the number detected was lower than that predicted by models of the solar interior. In various experiments, the number of detected neutrinos was between one third and one half of the predicted number. This came to be known as the solar neutrino problem.
e) where are neutrinos being researched around the world?
They are being researched in South Dakota. Homestake Neutrino Detector 1.5 km underground. They are underground to protect them from the other unwanted cosmic ray particles. They are also being researched in Canada - Sudbury Neutrino Observatory which is 2 km underground. The tank is 12 meters in diameter and contains 1,000 tons of heavy water. Another location is in Japan - Kamiokande Neutrino Detector.
Thursday, February 18, 2010
Will the World End In 2012?
There has been numerous amounts of theories about how the world is going to end, and how/if life will exist. Many people believe that all living things on earth will come to an end and die, and others believe 2012 to be a great spiritual awakening or a large shift in global consciousness.
NASA predicts a striking increase in the number of sunspots and sun flares in 2010.They believe that this is sure to cause electrical failures and satellite disruptions. They are looking at the ancient Maya cyclical calendar which is believe to be the longest of which last renewed if self approx. 5,125 ago and is set to end again supposedly with catastrophic consequences, in 2012. Also the ancient Egyptians see 2010 as a year of great change.
Geryl believes that polar reversals will cause the north to become south and the sun will then be rising in the west. Huge earthquakes, tidal waves, and at the same time volcanoes will be erupting. He also thinks that nuclear reactors will melt, buildings will be crumbling to the ground, and the cloud of volcanic dust will block out the sun for 40 years. "Only the prepared will survive," Geryl said, "and not even all of them."
According to astronomers,in a billion years, the sun will turn into a red giant. This will cause it to expand to a size larger than the earths orbit. Even if somehow our earth survives, it will sometime shirk turning into a dwarf planet. This will cause the temperature to drop and will no longer be able to produce heat to warm anything in the solar system.
Mayan people don't actually believe the world is going to be gone at the end of this calendar cycle. They just believe it's a time of great celebration and luck when the planet lasts through a full Great Cycle. Just like any other calendar, it will start again.
NASA predicts a striking increase in the number of sunspots and sun flares in 2010.They believe that this is sure to cause electrical failures and satellite disruptions. They are looking at the ancient Maya cyclical calendar which is believe to be the longest of which last renewed if self approx. 5,125 ago and is set to end again supposedly with catastrophic consequences, in 2012. Also the ancient Egyptians see 2010 as a year of great change.
Geryl believes that polar reversals will cause the north to become south and the sun will then be rising in the west. Huge earthquakes, tidal waves, and at the same time volcanoes will be erupting. He also thinks that nuclear reactors will melt, buildings will be crumbling to the ground, and the cloud of volcanic dust will block out the sun for 40 years. "Only the prepared will survive," Geryl said, "and not even all of them."
According to astronomers,in a billion years, the sun will turn into a red giant. This will cause it to expand to a size larger than the earths orbit. Even if somehow our earth survives, it will sometime shirk turning into a dwarf planet. This will cause the temperature to drop and will no longer be able to produce heat to warm anything in the solar system.
Mayan people don't actually believe the world is going to be gone at the end of this calendar cycle. They just believe it's a time of great celebration and luck when the planet lasts through a full Great Cycle. Just like any other calendar, it will start again.
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